Modelling the Make Process of the Mineral Supply Chain Upstream Segment

The upstream segment of the minerals supply chain (MiSC) is the backbone for achieving the transition to clean energy by securing the supply of minerals. Recently, the MiSC has been disrupted, affecting mineral supply and generating uncertainty among clean energy producers. Supply chain (SC) mapping addresses this uncertainty, providing a holistic end-to-end view. However, MiSC mapping studies mainly focus on the downstream segment, leaving aside the upstream segment. In this context, the fundamental gap is the lack of standardized modelling frameworks that can accurately represent the upstream segment dynamics and, at the same time, seamlessly integrate with the downstream segment. This paper bridges this gap, designing a model for the MiSC upstream segment (MiSCOR). Framed within design science research methodology, MiSCOR is built by adapting two reference models, the Exploration and Mining Business Reference Model (EM) and the Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR), focusing on the commodity-making process. The MiSCOR demonstrates its applicability and robustness in real operational scenarios of one of the largest copper producers. MiSCOR provides a management tool for practitioners and decision-makers in the MISC’s upstream segment, offering blueprints to throw functional silos, foster collaboration, and a standardized framework that integrates seamlessly with the downstream segment.